Introduction

This article aims to create an AI-powered RAG and Streamlit chatbot that can answer users questions based on custom documents. Users can upload documents, and the chatbot can answer questions by referring to those documents. The interface will be generated using Streamlit, and the chatbot will use open-source Large Language Model (LLM) models, making it cost-free. This RAG and Streamlit chatbot is similar to ChatGPT, Gemini, and other AI applications that are trained on general information. Let us now dive deeper on how we can develop RAG and Streamlit chatbot and chat with documents using LLM.

Learning Objectives

• Understand the concept of LLM and Retrieval-Augmented Generation in the context of AI-powered chatbots.
• Learn how to perform RAG step-by-step in a Jupyter Notebook environment, including document splitting, embedding, storing, answer retrieval, and generation.
• Experiment with different open-source LLM models, temperature, and max_length parameters to enhance chatbot performance.
• Gain proficiency in developing a Streamlit application as the User Interface for displaying the chatbot and utilizing LangChain memory.
• Develop skills in creating a Streamlit application for uploading new documents and integrating them into the chatbot’s knowledge base.
• Understand the significance of RAG in enhancing chatbot capabilities and its application in real-world scenarios, such as document-based question answering.

This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.

Implementing RAG in Jupyter Notebook

You can find the notebook here. To start the experiment on a notebook, install the required packages and import them.

# Install packages
!pip install -q langchain faiss-cpu sentence-transformers==2.2.2 InstructorEmbedding pypdf

import from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader
from pypdf import PdfReader
from langchain import HuggingFaceHub
from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langchain.embeddings import HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings
from langchain.vectorstores import FAISS
from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA, ConversationalRetrievalChain
from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferWindowMemory

PdfReader from pypdf, as its name suggests, is the function to read pdf files. LangChain, the main library of this article, is the library for developing LLM-based applications. It was released in late October 2022, making it relatively new. At the time of publishing this article, it has been around for about one and a half years.

Summarize the process of developing RAG in 3 steps:

• Splitting Documents
• Embedding and Storing
• Answer Retrieval and Generation.

Let’s start by loading the documents.

Splitting Documents

In this experiment, two source documents are used as the custom knowledge. One of them is about a popular manga and another one is about the general knowledge of snakes. The sources are from Wikipedia. This is the code for reading a pdf file. Observe the first printed 300 characters below.

# Load pdf documents
documents_1 = ''

reader = PdfReader('../data sources/wikipedia_naruto.pdf')
for page in reader.pages:
    documents_1 += page.extract_text()

documents_1[:300]

Output

Source: This article is about the manga series. For the anime, see Naruto (TV series). For other uses, see Naruto (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Naruhito, the emperor of Japan.

The text is split into text chunks, which are then transformed into embeddings and stored in a vector store. The LLM uses these chunks to generate answers without processing the entire document.

# Document Splitting
chunk_size = 200
chunk_overlap = 10

splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=chunk_size,
    chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap
)
split_1 = splitter.split_text(documents_1)
split_1 = splitter.create_documents(split_1)

If we have multiple sources of documents, repeat the same things. Below is an example of reading and chunking a txt file. Other types of acceptable file extensions are csv, doc, docs, ppt, etc.

# Load txt documents
reader = TextLoader('../data sources/wikipedia_snake.txt')
reader = reader.load()
print(len(reader))
documents_2 = reader[0]

documents_2.page_content[:300]

Output

source: This article primarily focuses on snakes, the reptiles. For further distinctions, the term “Snake (disambiguation)” is used. Snakes belong to the scientific classification system as follows: Domain: Eukaryota, Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Reptilia, Order: Squamata, and form a clade within the evolutionary hierarchy.

# Document Splitting
split_2 = splitter.split_text(documents_2.page_content)
split_2 = splitter.create_documents(split_2)

The code splits text with chunk_size = 200 and chunk_overlap = 20, ensuring the continuation of consecutive chunks by limiting the maximum number of characters in each chunk.

ChunkViz visualizes chunking by displaying different colors for each chunk in a paragraph, with mixed colors representing overlapping between consecutive chunks, and a 200-character chunk size indicating chunk size.

Embedding and Storing

Embedding is the process of capturing the semantic, contextual, and relationships of words in the text chunks and storing them as high-dimensional vectors representing the text. In the example below, it uses “hkunlp/instructor-xl” as the embeddings model. The other options are “hkunlp/instructor-large”, OpenAIEmbeddings, and others. The result is saved as a vector store.

This tutorial uses FAISS as the vector store. There are many other vector store options listed in here . PGVector is one of them that allows developers to save the vector store in Postgres.

# Load embeddings instructor
instructor_embeddings = HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings(
    model_name="hkunlp/instructor-xl", model_kwargs={'device':'cuda'}
)

# Implement embeddings
db = FAISS.from_documents(split_1, instructor_embeddings)

# Save db
db.save_local('vector store/naruto')

# Implement embeddings for second doc
db_2 = FAISS.from_documents(split_2, instructor_embeddings)

# Save db
db_2.save_local('vector store/snake')

The two vector stores are saved separately. They can be merged and saved as another combined vector store.

# Merge two DBs
db.merge_from(db_2)
db.save_local('vector store/naruto_snake')

Answer Retrieval and Generation

This part is the session when a user asks a question. The system converts the question text into embeddings and utilizes them to search and retrieve similar text chunks from the vector store. Subsequently, it sends these text chunks to the LLM to generate sentences for answering the user’s question.

The code below loads the vector store if this process is started in a new notebook.

# Load db
loaded_db = FAISS.load_local(
    'vector store/naruto_snake', instructor_embeddings, allow_dangerous_deserialization=True
)

This is the process of searching the similar text chunks. The question is “what is naruto?”. By default, it retrieves 4 text chunks which are most likely to contain the expected answers.

# Retrieve answer
question = 'what is naruto?'

search = loaded_db.similarity_search(question)
search

Output

• [Document(page_content=’Naruto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of’),
•  Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the’),
•  Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki. \n Not to be confused with Naruhito, the emperor of Japan.   \n Naruto’),
•  Document(page_content=’Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto   \n    \n This article is about the manga series. For the title character, see’)]

To query a different number of text chunks, pass the specified number to the k parameter. Here is an example of retrieving 6 text chunks.

# Query more or less text chunks
search = loaded_db.similarity_search(question, k=6)
search

Output

• [Document(page_content=’Naruto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of’),
•  Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the’),
•  Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki. \n Not to be confused with Naruhito, the emperor of Japan.   \n Naruto’),
•  Document(page_content=’Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto   \n    \n This article is about the manga series. For the title character, see’),
•  Document(page_content=’Naruto is one of the best-selling manga series of all time, having 250 million copies in circulation’),
•  Document(page_content=”companies. The story of Naruto continues in Boruto, where Naruto’s son Boruto Uzumaki creates his own \nninja way instead of following his father’s.”)]

We can also check the similarity scores. The smaller score means that the distance of the text chunk is closer to the query. Hence, it is more likely to contain the answer.

search_scores = loaded_db.similarity_search_with_score(question)
search_scores

Output

• [(Document(page_content=’Naruto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of’),  0.33290553),
•  (Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki, a young ninja who seeks recognition from his peers and dreams of becoming the’),  0.34495327),
•  (Document(page_content=’Naruto Uzumaki. Not to be confused with Naruhito, the emperor of Japan.   \n Naruto’),  0.36766833),
•  (Document(page_content=’Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto . This article is about the manga series. For the title character, see’),  0.3688009)]

To call an LLM model for generating text, the LLM repo parameter specifies which LLM model to use, for example “tiiuae/falcon-7b-instruct”, “mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2”, “bigscience/bloom”, and others. The temperature default value is 1. Setting it higher than 1 will give more creative and random answers. Setting it lower than 1 will give more predictable answers.

temperature = 1
max_length = 300
llm_model="tiiuae/falcon-7b-instruct"

# Load LLM
llm = HuggingFaceHub(
    repo_id=llm_model,
    model_kwargs={'temperature': temperature, 'max_length': max_length},
    huggingfacehub_api_token=token
)

# Create the chatbot
qa = RetrievalQA.from_chain_type(
    llm=llm,
    chain_type="stuff",
    retriever=loaded_db.as_retriever(),
    return_source_documents=True,
)

Ask a question by passing it to the query. Notice that the response has the query as the question, result, and source documents. The result contains the string of the prompt, question, and helpful answer. The helpful answer is parsed to get the string.

# Ask a question
question = 'what is naruto?'
response = qa({'query': question})
response

Output

(For the full version, refer to the notebook.)

{'query': 'what is naruto?',

'result': "Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.\n\nNaruto is a Japanese . . . n\nQuestion: what is naruto?\nHelpful Answer: Naruto is a fictional character in the manga series of the same name. He is a young ninja who dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village.",

 'source_documents': [Document(page_content="Naruto is a Japanese manga series . . .  ")]}

answer = response.get('result').split('Helpful Answer:')[1].strip()

Output

Naruto is a fictional character in the manga series of the same name. He is a young ninja who dreams of becoming the Hokage, the leader of his village.

Let’s try the second question. The expected answer to the below question is that the LLM can continue the topic of Naruto referring to the first question. But, it fails to fulfill the expectation because it does not have a memory. It answers each question separately without considering the previous chat log. Later, there will be a way to set a memory to the model. For now, continue on the question-answering trial.

# Ask a question
question = 'do you know whom I am talking about?'
response = qa({'query': question})
answer = response.get('result').split('Helpful Answer:')[1].strip()
explanation = response.get('source_documents', [])
print(answer)

Output

Yes \n\nYes, I do. The person you are referring to is the character named Naruhito, who is the emperor of Japan.

The text explores the use of various LLM models, temperature, and max_length to generate answers to similar questions, highlighting the impact of temperature on creativity and randomness, and the influence of max_length on answer length.

Summary of Outputs

Summarize of the outputs in form of tables:

Summary in Table-1

Summary in Table-2

LangChain Memory

When we are having a conversation with a chatbot, we want the chatbot to remember the previous chats. Each chat is not separated, but connected. In other words, the chatbot has a memory.

Example of a Chatbot Without Memory

A conversation example of a chatbot without memory:

Example of a Chatbot With Memory

A conversation example of a chatbot with memory:

USER	AI CHATBOT
what fruits are in red?	red-colored fruits are apple, cherry, and strawberry?
how do they taste?	They taste sweet.

In the first example, the chatbot does not remember the topic from the previous conversation. In the second example, LangChain memory saves the previous conversation. If the next question is identified to be a follow-up question (related to the previous question), a new standalone question will be generated to answer it. For example, the standalone question is “how do the apple, cherry, and strawberry taste?”. 

Types of Memories by LangChain

There are 4 types of memory provided by LangChain:

• Conversation Buffer Memory saves the whole conversation from the beginning of the
  session. In a long conversation, this memory needs more computation.
• Conversation Buffer Window Memory saves a specified number of previous chats. In a
  long conversation, it will remember only the latest chats, not from the beginning.
• Conversation Token Buffer Memory saves the previous chats based on a specified
  number of tokens. This can help plan the LLM cost if it relies on the token number.
• Conversation Summary Buffer Memory summarizes the chat history when the token limit is reached.

In the next experiment, Conversation Buffer Window Memory will be used to save 2 latest chats. See that the response has chat_history to store the latest chats.

Implementation with Code

temperature = 1
max_length = 400
llm_model="mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2"

# Load LLM
llm = HuggingFaceHub(
    repo_id=llm_model,
    model_kwargs={'temperature': temperature, 'max_length': max_length},
    huggingfacehub_api_token=token
)

memory = ConversationBufferWindowMemory(
    k=2,
    memory_key="chat_history",
    output_key="answer",
    return_messages=True,
)

qa_conversation = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(
    llm=llm,
    chain_type="stuff",
    retriever=loaded_db.as_retriever(),
    return_source_documents=True,
    memory=memory,
)

question = 'who is naruto?'
response = qa_conversation({'question': question})
response

Output

{'question': 'who is naruto?',
 'chat_history': [],
 'answer': . . .}

The next question is to confirm the topic from the former chat. It still remembers it as the chat history is now filled with its memory.

# Ask a question
question = 'do you know whom I am talking about?'
response = qa_conversation({'question': question})
response

answer = response.get('answer').split('Helpful Answer:')[-1].strip()
explanation = response.get('source_documents', [])
print(answer)
explanation

Output

Yes, you are referring to the same Naruto Uzumaki from the manga series.

Observe how the standalone question generation occurs. The pronoun “his” from the original question refers to “Naruto Uzumaki” based on the previous chat.

# Ask a question
question = 'who is his team member?'
response = qa_conversation({'question': question})
response

response.get('answer').split('Standalone question:')[2]

Original question: who is his team member?
Standalone question: " Who is a team member of Naruto Uzumaki in the manga series?
Helpful Answer: One of Naruto Uzumaki's team members is Sasuke Uchiha.

Example of Conversation

The following conversation is based on the snake knowledge. It can be found in the notebook, too. The first question talks about snake species. The second question asks if “they” are the only limbless animals. The AI chatbot can understand and refer to “they” as to snake.

USER	AI CHATBOT
are there any species similar to snakes?	to note that while snakes are limbless and evolved from lizards, these other species have lost their limbs independently.
are they the only limbless animals?	Yes, there are other limbless animals. For example, there are several species of apodid (or “apodan”) worm lizards, which are also limbless and belong to the same reptile order, Squamata. Additionally, there are some species of caecilians, which are limbless, legless amphibians.

Streamlit Experiment: Developing the User Interface

Completing the RAG experiment on a Jupyter Notebook is a nice job. However, users will not borrow the developers’ Jupyter Notebook and ask questions there. An interface is necessary to house the RAG and offer interaction capabilities to users. This part demonstrates how to build a chatbot using Streamlit to have a conversation based on custom documents. This part actually wraps the experiment in the notebook above into a web application. The repository is rendy-k/LLM-RAG. There are several important files:

• rag_chatbot.py. : This is the main file to run the application. It contains the first page of the Streamlit. The Streamlit will have two pages. The first page is the chatbot for the conversation.
• document_embeddings.py. : The second page processes the document embeddings to a vector store.
• rag_functions.py.: This file contains the functions called by the two pages to process their tasks.
• vector store/. : This folder contains the saved vector stores.

In the rag_chatbot.py, start with putting all of the required inputs after importing the libraries. Observe that there are 6 inputs.

Implementation with Code

import streamlit as st
import os
from pages.backend import rag_functions

st.title("RAG Chatbot")

# Setting the LLM
with st.expander("Setting the LLM"):
    st.markdown("This page is used to have a chat with the uploaded documents")
    with st.form("setting"):
        row_1 = st.columns(3)
        with row_1[0]:
            token = st.text_input("Hugging Face Token", type="password")

        with row_1[1]:
            llm_model = st.text_input("LLM model", value="tiiuae/falcon-7b-instruct")

        with row_1[2]:
            instruct_embeddings = st.text_input("Instruct Embeddings", value="hkunlp/instructor-xl")

        row_2 = st.columns(3)
        with row_2[0]:
            vector_store_list = os.listdir("vector store/")
            default_choice = (
                vector_store_list.index('naruto_snake')
                if 'naruto_snake' in vector_store_list
                else 0
            )
            existing_vector_store = st.selectbox("Vector Store", vector_store_list, default_choice)
        
        with row_2[1]:
            temperature = st.number_input("Temperature", value=1.0, step=0.1)

        with row_2[2]:
            max_length = st.number_input("Maximum character length", value=300, step=1)

        create_chatbot = st.form_submit_button("Create chatbot")

Prepare 3 session states: conversation, history, and source. Variables stored in the session states will remain after a rerun. The LLM with memory, chat history, and source documents must remain after
every rerun. The function prepare_rag_llm prepared the LLM for generating answers based on the given setting.

# Prepare the LLM model
if "conversation" not in st.session_state:
    st.session_state.conversation = None

if token:
    st.session_state.conversation = rag_functions.prepare_rag_llm(
        token, llm_model, instruct_embeddings, existing_vector_store, temperature, max_length
    )

# Chat history
if "history" not in st.session_state:
    st.session_state.history = []

# Source documents
if "source" not in st.session_state:
    st.session_state.source = []

def prepare_rag_llm(
    token, llm_model, instruct_embeddings, vector_store_list, temperature, max_length
):
    # Load embeddings instructor
    instructor_embeddings = HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings(
        model_name=instruct_embeddings, model_kwargs={"device":"cuda"}
    )

    # Load db
    loaded_db = FAISS.load_local(
        f"vector store/{vector_store_list}",
        instructor_embeddings,
        allow_dangerous_deserialization=True
    )

    # Load LLM
    llm = HuggingFaceHub(
        repo_id=llm_model,
        model_kwargs={"temperature": temperature, "max_length": max_length},
        huggingfacehub_api_token=token
    )

    memory = ConversationBufferWindowMemory(
        k=2,
        memory_key="chat_history",
        output_key="answer",
        return_messages=True,
    )

    # Create the chatbot
    qa_conversation = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(
        llm=llm,
        chain_type="stuff",
        retriever=loaded_db.as_retriever(),
        return_source_documents=True,
        memory=memory,
    )

    return qa_conversation

Use this code to display the chat history in the application body.

# Display chats
for message in st.session_state.history:
    with st.chat_message(message["role"]):
        st.markdown(message["content"])

If a user enters a question, the following code will work. It will append the question to chat session_state.history. Then, the “generate_answer” accepts the question and calls LLM to return the
answer and source documents. The system then saves the answer again in the session_state.history. Additionally, it stores the source documents of each question and answer in the session_state.source.

# Ask a question
if question := st.chat_input("Ask a question"):
    # Append user question to history
    st.session_state.history.append({"role": "user", "content": question})
    # Add user question
    with st.chat_message("user"):
        st.markdown(question)

    # Answer the question
    answer, doc_source = rag_functions.generate_answer(question, token)
    with st.chat_message("assistant"):
        st.write(answer)
    # Append assistant answer to history
    st.session_state.history.append({"role": "assistant", "content": answer})

    # Append the document sources
    st.session_state.source.append({"question": question, "answer": answer, "document": doc_source})

def generate_answer(question, token):
    answer = "An error has occured"

    if token == "":
        answer = "Insert the Hugging Face token"
        doc_source = ["no source"]
    else:
        response = st.session_state.conversation({"question": question})
        answer = response.get("answer").split("Helpful Answer:")[-1].strip()
        explanation = response.get("source_documents", [])
        doc_source = [d.page_content for d in explanation]

    return answer, doc_source

Finally, display the source documents inside an expander.

# Source documents
with st.expander("Source documents"):
    st.write(st.session_state.source)

Output

The second page is in document_embedding.py. It builds the user interface to upload a custom file and process the splitting into text chunks and conversion into embeddings, before saving them into a vector store.

Implementation with Code

The code below imports the library and sets the required inputs.

import streamlit as st
import os
from pages.backend import rag_functions

st.title("Document embedding")
st.markdown("This page is used to upload the documents as the custom knowledge for the chatbot.")

with st.form("document_input"):
    
    document = st.file_uploader(
        "Knowledge Documents", type=['pdf', 'txt'], help=".pdf or .txt file"
    )

    row_1 = st.columns([2, 1, 1])
    with row_1[0]:
        instruct_embeddings = st.text_input(
            "Model Name of the Instruct Embeddings", value="hkunlp/instructor-xl"
        )
    
    with row_1[1]:
        chunk_size = st.number_input(
            "Chunk Size", value=200, min_value=0, step=1,
        )
    
    with row_1[2]:
        chunk_overlap = st.number_input(
            "Chunk Overlap", value=10, min_value=0, step=1,
            help="higher that chunk size"
        )
    
    row_2 = st.columns(2)
    with row_2[0]:
        # List the existing vector stores
        vector_store_list = os.listdir("vector store/")
        vector_store_list = ["<New>"] + vector_store_list
        
        existing_vector_store = st.selectbox(
            "Vector Store to Merge the Knowledge", vector_store_list,
            help="""
              Which vector store to add the new documents.
              Choose <New> to create a new vector store.
                 """
        )

    with row_2[1]:
        # List the existing vector stores     
        new_vs_name = st.text_input(
            "New Vector Store Name", value="new_vector_store_name",
            help="""
              If choose <New> in the dropdown / multiselect box,
              name the new vector store. Otherwise, fill in the existing vector
              store to merge.
            """
        )

    save_button = st.form_submit_button("Save vector store")

Output

This application allows 3 options for users. A user can upload a new document and (1) create a new vector store, (2) merge and update an existing vector store with the new text chunks, or (3) create a new vector store by merging an existing vector store with the new text chunks.

When the “Save vector store” button is clicked, the following processes are executed for the uploaded document.. Find the detailed functions in the file rag_functions.py. The notebook experiment section above covers the discussion of the functions.

if save_button:
    # Read the uploaded file
    if document.name[-4:] == ".pdf":
        document = rag_functions.read_pdf(document)
    elif document.name[-4:] == ".txt":
        document = rag_functions.read_txt(document)
    else:
        st.error("Check if the uploaded file is .pdf or .txt")

    # Split document
    split = rag_functions.split_doc(document, chunk_size, chunk_overlap)

    # Check whether to create new vector store
    create_new_vs = None
    if existing_vector_store == "<New>" and new_vs_name != "":
        create_new_vs = True
    elif existing_vector_store != "<New>" and new_vs_name != "":
        create_new_vs = False
    else:
        st.error(
          """Check the 'Vector Store to Merge the Knowledge'
             and 'New Vector Store Name'""")
    
    # Embeddings and storing
    rag_functions.embedding_storing(
        instruct_embeddings, split, create_new_vs, existing_vector_store, new_vs_name
    )

Demonstrate the Result

This part demonstrates the use of the RAG deployed in Streamlit. Let’s start the conversation by saying hi to the chatbot. The chatbot then replies by reminding the user to insert the Hugging Face token. It is important to load the LLM. After inserting the token, the chatbot can work well.

The first answer is relevant, but actually, there is a small mistake. Examine the source documents that the boa constrictor and green anaconda are actually viviparous, not ovoviviparous as the chatbot
answers.

Source documents transcript

• Most species of snakes lay eggs which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation.
• Some species of snake are ovoviviparous and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Several species of snake, such as the boa constrictor and green anaconda, are
• Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches and remain with them until they hatch. A female python will not leave the eggs, except to occasionally bask in the sun or drink water. She will even

The second question, “How about king cobra?”, expects the chatbot to reply about whether a king cobra will abandon the eggs. But, the question is too general. As a result, the answer fails to capture the context from the previous chat history. It even answers with external knowledge. Check the source documents to find that the answer is not from there.

The third question asks the same thing again. This time the chatbot understands that the word “them” refers to eggs. It then can reply correctly.

Source documents transcript (How about king cobra?)

• Most species of snakes lay eggs which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation.
• Venomous snakes are classified in two taxonomic families: Elapids – cobras including king cobras, kraits, mambas, Australian copperheads, sea snakes, and coral snakes.
• Some of the most highly evolved snakes are the Crotalidae, or pit vipers—the rattlesnakes and their associates. Pit vipers have all the sense organs of other snakes, as well as additional aids. Pit
• scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (cranial kinesis). To accommodate their

Source documents transcript (Does king cobra abandon them?)

• Most species of snakes lay eggs which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation.
• However, elapids, such as cobras and kraits, have hollow fangs that cannot be erected toward the front of their mouths and cannot “stab” like a viper. They must actually”.
• order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times. Tetrapodophis does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull. A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of
• Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use venom to immobilize, injure, or kill their prey. Venom, delivered through fangs, modifies saliva. The fangs of ‘advanced’ venomous snakes are involved in this process.

Source documents transcript (How successful is Naruto as an anime and mange?)

• Naruto is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masashi Kishimoto. It tells the story of”
• Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto This article is about the manga series. For the anime, see Naruto (TV series). For the title character, see monthly Hop Step Award the following year, and Naruto (1997).

Move on to the second page, “Document Embedding”. The following demonstration uploads a pdf file.

Process the PDF file and export it as a vector store named “test”. Once the green success message appears, check the “vector store” folder. Notice that a new vector store named “test” is ready.

If the user does not name the new vector store, the application will display an error message.

Conclusion

LLM is an advanced AI technology capable of understanding and producing human-like natural language. It includes tasks like text classification, generation, and translation. Retrieval Augment Generation (RAG) enhances LLMs by integrating custom data sources, allowing them to answer questions based on specific information. Examples of LLMs designed for RAG include “tiiuae/falcon-7b-instruct,” “mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2,” and “bigscience/bloom.” Building a RAG system involves splitting documents, embedding and storing them, and retrieving answers. The primary library used for LLM applications is LangChain, which ensures continuity in conversations across interactions with its memory feature. In this article we saw how to develop RAG and Streamlit chatbot and chat with documents using LLM.

Key Takeaways

• LLM and RAG enable users to ask questions and gain answers referring to specific documents.
• We learned how to perform RAG step-by-step in a Jupyter Notebook from splitting documents, embedding text chunks, creating vector stores, retrieving answers, and finally generating the answers.
• Explored how to experiment on different (open-source) LLM, temperature, and max_length. Each different setting will give different results.
• Use of langchain.document_loaders.TextLoader and pypdf.PdfReader to read txt and pdf files, langchain.text_splitter.RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter to split files into text chunks, HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings to load embedding models, langchain.vectorstores to create vector stores, and langchain.chains.RetrievalQA to retrieve and generate answers.
• Use of streamlit.chat_message to display chat messages, streamlit.chat_input to input questions from users, and streamlit.session_state to save variables across reruns.

Frequently Asked Questions

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